At the first U.S. 'Undiagnosed Hackathon,' scientists from around the world will team up at Mayo Clinic to solve unsolved medical mysteries. 

Young Julian Limon clutches his blanket wherever he goes, a source of comfort during hospital stays, procedures and tests. At 17 months, he has not yet reached walking or talking milestones. His brittle hair and unexplained neurological symptoms compound his challenges. He has endured pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses, and his weak immune system leaves him vulnerable. Despite extensive evaluations and genetic testing, Julian's condition remains a mystery.

This September, Julian's family will travel to Mayo Clinic in Minnesota to take part in the Undiagnosed Hackathon, a global effort to solve rare diseases that have long gone unexplained. 

The Hackathon was inspired by Helene and Mikk Cederroth, founders of the Wilhelm Foundation, who lost two young sons and a daughter to an undiagnosed condition. Their grief became a call to action. Over the past two decades, they've built a global network of scientists, clinicians and advocates committed to finding answers. 

An unprecedented collaboration

Over three days at Mayo Clinic, more than 125 scientists, clinicians and AI experts will gather for the first U.S.-based Undiagnosed Hackathon. They will come from 30 countries across six continents. Their goal: to uncover answers for Julian and 28 others whose conditions have eluded diagnosis. 

Having families in person at the Hackathon allows researchers to observe traits and ask questions that data alone can't capture. 

"If you put a molecular biologist next to a bioinformatician next to a clinician who have come from different parts of the world, each will bring a unique lens to the same investigation shaped by their training and lived experience," Dr. Klee says. "That's how breakthroughs happen." 

Unlocking hidden clues with advanced tools 

Among the international team are Mayo Clinic's Dr. Cherisse Marcou, assistant professor and co-director of the Clinical Genomics laboratory, and Dr. Eric Klee, the Everett J. and Jane M. Hauck Midwest Associate Director of Research and Innovation. After participating in last year’s Undiagnosed Hackathon in the Netherlands, they return with momentum to co-lead this year’s event. 

Working with global colleagues, they’ll explore DNA, RNA and other signals using tools that reveal what standard tests can miss. This includes examining long DNA stretches, studying RNA to see which genes are active and identifying chemical changes that turn genes on or off — a process called methylation.

This complex approach, known as omics, combines layers of biological information to better understand how the body works and why disease occurs. Bringing multiple omics together is more like a moving picture than a still photo, where hidden patterns emerge. Artificial intelligence will help scientists integrate these layers and interpret the results.

Breaking silos to spark breakthroughs 

"I come from a place where many families are not afforded the access to the latest and greatest diagnostic testing options in their diagnostic journey," Dr. Marcou says. "To be part of something that brings hope worldwide is deeply personal."

The idea behind the Hackathon is bringing people together who might not otherwise work side by side. 

"If you put a molecular biologist next to a bioinformatician next to a clinician who have come from different parts of the world, each will bring a unique lens to the same investigation shaped by their training and lived experience," Dr. Klee says. "That's how breakthroughs happen." 

Fueled by passion, and personal connection 

Now in its third year, the Hackathon has become a global engine for rare disease discovery. The Cederroths have co-led every one. 

"They've poured their lives into this mission," Dr. Marcou says. "Their energy is transformative. You leave the Hackathon changed." 

For Dr. Marcou, the work is personal. She grew up in the Bahamas, where access to advanced diagnostics is limited. 

"I come from a place where many families are not afforded the access to the latest and greatest diagnostic testing options in their diagnostic journey," she says. "To be part of something that brings hope worldwide is deeply personal." 

Dr. Marcou clinically interprets and decodes genomic data to deliver real-time insights for patients every day and has been involved in the development of AI tools at Mayo Clinic to advance this work. Dr. Klee, a leader in rare disease research, is building the Research Data Atlas to accelerate discoveries by unifying Mayo Clinic's extensive research data. 

Hope for families, and ripple effects worldwide

The Hackathon's goal is ambitious: solve as many cases as possible. Last year, 10 of 26 participants received diagnoses, with promising leads for nine more. One person's diagnosis can also unlock recognition, testing and potential treatment options for others with the same condition. 

"Our ultimate goal is to find answers for all our participants. That said, if we can find an answer for even one person, that would be amazing. If we find answers for 10 or 12 participants, that would be incredible," Dr. Klee says. "And for the participants where a clear answer eludes us, we hope to find strong leads that guide future research and testing for others." 

The Hackathon doesn't end when the event does. The findings must be clinically confirmed before they become diagnoses. For those who receive answers, the next goal is treatment, if one exists. For cases that remain unsolved, the work continues. 

It's also a powerful exchange of knowledge. Collaborators from places with fewer resources gain exposure to advanced techniques, while all experts have the opportunity to learn new approaches from those working alongside them. 

"It's peer-to-peer learning at its best," Dr. Marcou says. "We're all better for it." 

Julian's diagnostic journey

Even after long days of doctor visits and tests, Julian still breaks into bright smiles. He is working with physical therapists to build strength as his family continues to hope for a diagnosis. 

"I feel incredibly grateful that we'll have so many experts looking closely at Julian," says his mother, Jasmine Limon. "I just want to know what we're facing so we can give him the best possible care." 

At its heart, the Hackathon is where some of the world's brightest minds gather around families like Julian's, determined to give all they can and to open new doors in medicine. 

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ROCHESTER, Minn. — Mayo Clinic researchers have developed a new artificial intelligence (AI) tool that helps clinicians identify brain activity patterns linked to nine types of dementia, including Alzheimer's disease, using a single, widely available scan — a transformative advance in early, accurate diagnosis. 

The tool, StateViewer, helped researchers identify the dementia type in 88% of cases, according to research published online on June 27, 2025, in Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology. It also enabled clinicians to interpret brain scans nearly twice as fast and with up to three times greater accuracy than standard workflows. Researchers trained and tested the AI on more than 3,600 scans, including images from patients with dementia and people without cognitive impairment. 

This innovation addresses a core challenge in dementia care: identifying the disease early and precisely, even when multiple conditions are present. As new treatments emerge, timely diagnosis helps match patients with the most appropriate care when it can have the greatest impact. The tool could bring advanced diagnostic support to clinics that lack neurology expertise. 

The rising toll of dementia 

Dementia affects more than 55 million people worldwide, with nearly 10 million new cases each year. Alzheimer's disease, the most common form, is now the fifth-leading cause of death globally. Diagnosing dementia typically requires cognitive tests, blood draws, imaging, clinical interviews and specialist referrals. Even with extensive testing, distinguishing conditions such as Alzheimer's, Lewy body dementia and frontotemporal dementia remains challenging, including for highly experienced specialists. 

StateViewer was developed under the direction of David Jones, M.D., a Mayo Clinic neurologist and director of the Mayo Clinic Neurology Artificial Intelligence Program.  

"Every patient who walks into my clinic carries a unique story shaped by the brain's complexity," Dr. Jones says. "That complexity drew me to neurology and continues to drive my commitment to clearer answers. StateViewer reflects that commitment — a step toward earlier understanding, more precise treatment and, one day, changing the course of these diseases." 

To bring that vision to life, Dr. Jones worked alongside Leland Barnard, Ph.D., a data scientist who leads the AI engineering behind StateViewer. 

"As we were designing StateViewer, we never lost sight of the fact that behind every data point and brain scan was a person facing a difficult diagnosis and urgent questions," Dr. Barnard says. "Seeing how this tool could assist physicians with real-time, precise insights and guidance highlights the potential of machine learning for clinical medicine." 

Turning brain patterns into clinical insight 

The tool analyzes a fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scan, which shows how the brain uses glucose for energy. It then compares the scan to a large database of scans from people with confirmed dementia diagnoses and identifies patterns that match specific types, or combinations, of dementia. 

Alzheimer's typically affects memory and processing regions, Lewy body dementia involves areas tied to attention and movement, and frontotemporal dementia alters regions responsible for language and behavior. StateViewer displays these patterns through color-coded brain maps that highlight key areas of brain activity, giving all clinicians, even those without neurology training, a visual explanation of what the AI sees and how it supports the diagnosis. 

Mayo Clinic researchers plan to expand the tool's use and will continue evaluating its performance in a variety of clinical settings. 

For a complete list of authors, disclosures and funding, review the study.

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About Mayo Clinic 
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization committed to innovation in clinical practice, education and research, and providing compassion, expertise and answers to everyone who needs healing. Visit the Mayo Clinic News Network for additional Mayo Clinic news. 

Media contact:  

• Tia Ford, Mayo Clinic Communications, newsbureau@mayo.edu 

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Editor's note: May is National Cancer Research Month, and May 20 is Clinical Trials Day.

A cancer diagnosis is an emotional experience. Learning that you have cancer can create feelings of hopelessness, fear and sadness. This is especially true if your cancer is advanced or available treatments are unable to stop or slow its growth.

"Often, when patients are diagnosed with cancer, they feel hopeless and scared. Clinical trials are one way patients can be proactive. They can make a choice in how their care is going to be," says Matthew Block, M.D., Ph.D., a Mayo Clinic medical oncologist.

Cancer clinical trials help physician-scientists test new and better ways to control and treat cancer. During a clinical trial, participants receive specific interventions, and researchers determine if those interventions are safe and effective. Interventions studied in clinical trials might be new cancer drugs or new combinations of drugs, new medical procedures, new surgical techniques or devices, new ways to use existing treatments, and lifestyle or behavior changes.

Clinical trials provide access to potential treatments under investigation, giving options to people who otherwise may face limited choices. "Clinical trials open the door to a new hope that maybe we can fight their cancer back and give them a better quality of life," says Geoffrey Johnson, M.D., Ph.D., a Mayo Clinic radiologist, nuclear medicine specialist and co-chair of the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center Experimental and Novel Therapeutics Disease Group.

You will receive cancer treatment if you participate in a clinical trial. "I think one common misperception about clinical trials is that if you enter a clinical trial, you may not get treatment (receive a placebo). And that's actually very much not true. Most clinical trials are looking at one treatment compared to another treatment," says Judy C. Boughey, M.D., a Mayo Clinic surgical oncologist, chair of Breast and Melanoma Surgical Oncology at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, and chair of the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center Breast Cancer Disease Group.

"I think one common misperception about clinical trials is that if you enter a clinical trial, you may not get treatment (receive a placebo). And that's actually very much not true. Most clinical trials are looking at one treatment compared to another treatment."Judy C. Boughey, M.D.

Watch this video to hear the experiences of people who have participated in cancer clinical trials and to hear Drs. Block, Johnson and Boughey discuss the importance of clinical trials in cancer care:

Clinical trials are a significant part of cancer care at Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center. Cancer care teams work together across specialties to make sure the right clinical trials are available to serve the needs of people with cancer who come to Mayo Clinic.

"We are very particular in how we select the clinical trials that we have available for patients," says Dr. Boughey. "We want to have the best trials available for our patients. Some of the clinical trials are evaluating drugs — we are so excited about those drugs, but we can't prescribe those drugs for patients without having that trial. And so we will actually fight to try to get that trial open here to have it available as an opportunity for our patients."

If you choose to participate in a clinical trial, you will continue to receive cancer care. "For most patients that we evaluate, there's always the standard of care treatment option for those patients. And then, in many situations, there's also a clinical trial that the patient can participate in," says Dr. Boughey.

People who participate in clinical trials help make new and better cancer care available for future patients. The treatments available for cancer patients today exist because of the clinical trial participants of yesterday. "We couldn't advance medicine if it wasn't for people volunteering for trials. And the promise from our side is to say we're not going to put patients on trials or offer trials for them to consider unless we think there's a good chance that they'll get a benefit or that society at large will get a benefit," says Dr. Johnson.

"We couldn't advance medicine if it wasn't for people volunteering for trials. And the promise from our side is to say we're not going to put patients on trials or offer trials for them to consider unless we think there's a good chance that they'll get a benefit or that society at large will get a benefit."Geoffrey Johnson, M.D., Ph.D.

Participating in a clinical trial may give you access to cutting-edge treatment, improve your quality of life and extend your time with loved ones.

"It's definitely worth reaching out to your healthcare provider and asking, 'What clinical trials could I be a potential candidate for?'" says Dr. Boughey. "And remember, you can ask this of your surgical oncologist, your medical oncologist, your radiation oncologist, or any of the physicians you're seeing because there are trials in all disciplines. There are also ongoing trials that require the collection of tissue or the donation of blood. They can also be important in trying to help future generations as we continue to work to end cancer."

Participating in a clinical trial is an important decision with potential risks and benefits. Explore these FAQ about cancer clinical trials, and ask your care team if a clinical trial might be right for you.

This article first published on the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center blog.

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Regenerative Medicine Minnesota has awarded funding to three projects aimed at strengthening Minnesota's capabilities for developing and delivering therapies that replace, restore, rejuvenate or regenerate damaged cells, tissues or organs.

Co-led by the University of Minnesota and the Mayo Clinic, Regenerative Medicine Minnesota brings together the state's leading research institutions to accelerate breakthroughs and bring new therapies to patients across the state.

The funded projects were selected for their potential to overcome challenges that slow the development and delivery of new therapies. Each project aims to build sustainable, widely accessible resources to help move regenerative treatments from the lab to patients more quickly.

The projects are:

Derivation of Induced Pluripotent (Adult) Stem Cell Lines in Minnesota with Superior HLA Compatibility for Manufacturing Clinical Cell Therapy Products

James Dutton, Ph.D., University of Minnesota

This initiative tackles a key challenge in regenerative medicine: access to clinical-grade starting materials. The project will generate high-quality, regulatory-compliant induced pluripotent (adult) stem cell (iPSC) lines with less risk of the immune system rejecting the cells. These lines will be made available to researchers across Minnesota, enabling the development of versatile, cost-effective cell therapies that can benefit a broad range of patients. By building a local supply of standardized starting materials, the project provides a long-term advantage to Minnesota's research community.

The Genome Engineering for Regenerative Medicine (GERM) Consortium

David Largaespada, Ph.D., University of Minnesota

Addressing the critical need for quality and safety standards in gene-edited therapies, this new consortium will bring together academic and industry experts to establish best practices for gene delivery, editing and evaluation. The GERM Consortium will provide essential guidance and resources to ensure that genetically engineered therapies are developed with precision and safety. Through this collaborative effort, Minnesota will become a hub for innovation and regulatory compliance in cell and gene therapy.

Minnesota BRIDGE — Boosting Regenerative Medicine Innovation through Development, Growth, and Engagement

Melanie Graham, Ph.D., University of Minnesota

This project focuses on a major translational bottleneck: the lack of robust preclinical models. Minnesota BRIDGE will create a state-of-the-art translational research infrastructure that enables more predictive preclinical testing of regenerative therapies. By establishing this capability, Minnesota will become one of the few places in the nation equipped to accelerate therapy development with cutting-edge preclinical models — streamlining the path to clinical trials and patient care.

Together, these projects advance Regenerative Medicine Minnesota's goal of bringing new therapies to patients in Minnesota and beyond while establishing the state as a leader in regenerative medicine.

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About Regenerative Medicine Minnesota

Regenerative Medicine Minnesota was established in 2014 by the Minnesota State Legislature to improve the health of Minnesotans by advancing regenerative medicine. This state-wide initiative opens new economic opportunities through commercialization of technologies and leverages the strengths of Minnesota institutions to position the state at the forefront of regenerative medicine. The initiative distributes approximately $4 million in funding statewide every year for research, commercialization, and clinical translation initiatives that improve or increase access to scientifically proven regenerative medicine throughout the state. Learn more at www.regenmedmn.org.

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Billie, who has smoked most of his life, understands how using tobacco can negatively affect many aspects of a person's health. He is also a member of the Navajo Nation and has witnessed the challenges that family, friends and other members of his tribe have faced quitting tobacco. In recent years, he has watched the rising use of vaping among Navajo youth with concern. He wants to discourage young people from using tobacco except for ceremonial purposes.

"Science seeking to cure disease and transform the way we deliver healthcare requires a direct connection to the people we serve."

Annie Rusk, M.D.

Billie's experiences made him an ideal candidate to advise Dr. Rusk on her research through a Mayo Clinic program called Community Engagement (CE) Studios.

CE Studios is a consultation service that connects researchers to a group of "community experts" who represent the researcher's population of interest. These experts meet with the researcher, usually during a study's planning phase, to learn how the study is being designed, ask questions and provide feedback.

Since Mayo Clinic introduced CE Studios in 2021, Dr. Rusk has used it numerous times. She believes community input is essential for all research projects, regardless of their focus. 

"By involving people with lived experiences, we can gain valuable insights and ensure our research is relevant and impactful," says Dr. Rusk. "Even discovery science projects taking place in a lab can benefit from community perspectives."

Lived experiences provide key insights

For the CE Studios session with Dr. Rusk, Billie joined three other community experts from tribes in the Midwest, Alaska and Canada in a virtual meeting. The four community experts were there to advise Dr. Rusk on a new clinical trial.

Kory Billie, a member of the Navajo Nation from Phoenix, wants to discourage youth in his community from using tobacco, except for ceremonial purposes.

Dr. Rusk's research focuses on understanding barriers to smoking cessation among Native Americans. She felt it was important to consult with people from a variety of Indigenous communities to ensure her research aligned with their community health needs and priorities.

Billie says he enjoyed this opportunity to connect with like-minded people from similar backgrounds, and to speak with Dr. Rusk about how tobacco use was affecting communities like his. He shared his experiences with homelessness and addiction, as well as the difficulty of accessing smoking cessation resources in Indian Country.

What Dr. Rusk learned from Billie and the other community experts during the CE Studios session motivated her to make an important change to her study design.

The elements of the study that resonated best with the community experts were those geared toward developing practical behavioral health interventions. Billie and the other experts emphasized that understanding the social and cultural drivers of smoking would be key to achieving meaningful outcomes.  "You have to understand a person's environment and the way they're brought up," says Billie.

The community experts were less keen on a genetic analysis component Dr. Rusk had planned to include. They felt this aspect did not align meaningfully with community health priorities. Based on this feedback, Dr. Rusk eliminated this component from her study. 

While incorporating this kind of feedback can be challenging, Dr. Rusk says the long-term benefits are worth it for all.

"Science seeking to cure disease and transform the way we deliver healthcare requires a direct connection to the people we serve," she says.

Health is a blessing

Billie says he appreciated this chance to participate in CE Studios. He hopes that the knowledge he and the other experts shared will give Dr. Rusk the context she needs to develop a tobacco intervention that will have a lasting impact. Upon completion of the study, he looks forward to hearing from her to see the results.

Billie encourages other people to consider participating in CE Studios to help advance research to improve the health of their communities. He connects his motivation for this work to a Navajo proverb that reminds his people to live their lives with purpose: "Remember to walk in beauty. Beauty before you and beauty behind you."

If the community can improve the health of its people today, Billie says, they will pass that blessing on to future generations.

Get involved in CE Studios

A CE Studios community expert can be a person with any type of lived experience. Experts receive a small honorarium in exchange for their time. People interested in joining Mayo Clinic’s database of community experts should complete a Community Expert Enrollment Form.  

Mayo Clinic Community Engaged Research

Learn more about community outreach and engagement and community-engaged research at Mayo Clinic.

This work is supported by Mayo Clinic Center for Clinical and Translational Science and by Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center.

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Mayo Clinic researchers have developed organoid models to study uveal melanoma, one of the most common types of eye cancer in adults. Their goal is to use these models to better understand how this disease works and develop treatments for unmet patient needs.

Organoids are 3D models grown from patient tissue that accurately reflect a patient's unique genetic and biological characteristics, also known as "avatars." When derived from a patient's cancer tumor, an organoid will behave and respond to treatments outside the body in a lab (in vitro) just like the original tumor would inside the body (in vivo).

In 50% of patients, uveal melanoma metastasizes, spreading to other parts of the body, leading to a poor prognosis and average survival of less than two years.  Unfortunately, current treatments for this condition often have limited effectiveness, leaving patients and their doctors with few options.

"The hope is that these patient-derived organoid models better represent human cancer in the laboratory," says Lauren Dalvin, M.D., a Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center ocular oncologist and surgeon-scientist who is one of the lead researchers. "Using these models as a foundation for drug testing will facilitate new treatment discoveries with higher success rates in clinical trials, ultimately translating to improved outcomes for patients with uveal melanoma."

Growing an eye cancer biobank

In the past, the lack of human disease models representing the entire spectrum of uveal melanoma has created a bottleneck, limiting the ability of scientists to identify effective targets for treatment and prevention. Most laboratory studies have drawn from the same set of commercially available cell lines, which are not representative of the disease and often differ in important ways from the original tumors.

To blast through this bottleneck, a study team led by Dr. Dalvin, in collaboration with Martin Fernandez-Zapico, M.D., a cancer biologist with Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, decided to develop a new, uveal melanoma patient-derived organoid biobank. Their goal is to create a research resource representing the real-world variability of this cancer.

In a paper published in Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, they described the initial development of this biobank. The researchers successfully created organoids derived from Mayo Clinic ocular oncology patients who enrolled in a prospective study involving the collection of tumor tissue for research from July 1, 2019, through July 1, 2024. Their study determined that these organoid models:

• Could be generated, retained their stability through many uses and were a renewable living resource capable of being regenerated at need.
• Retained the clinically relevant features of the original tumors, clustered into appropriate molecular groups based on validated prognostic markers and resembled human disease when compared to in vivo animal models.
• Served as suitable human models for drug screening.

Recognizing the immense value of this organoid biobank, the investigators have already begun expanding it to include other research centers. Their goal is to create a resource capable of representing the global epigenomic variability of uveal melanoma. In the future, they hope this biobank will serve as a comprehensive platform for drug screening and other types of lab research on uveal melanoma. This collaborative effort will accelerate research and pave the way for improved treatments and outcomes for patients with this disease.

Read the paper to learn more about the study, including funding and disclosures.

Mayo Clinic organoid research across the spectrum of disease

Organoids are transforming the landscape of biomedical research. Scientists are using this innovative approach to model diseases, track their progression and identify and characterize potential treatments. Mayo Clinic is at the forefront of organoid research, applying this approach to study a wide range of health conditions including:

• Neurodegenerative and neurological disorders, such as Lewy body dementia, Alzheimer's disease, autism, opioid addiction and alcohol use disorder.
• Measles and other infectious diseases.
• Many types of cancer including breast cancer.
• Inflammatory bowel disease.

The goals of this research extend far beyond its current applications. Mayo Clinic researchers aim to develop organoids representing organs throughout the human body to track disease, screen drugs and regenerate tissues. This approach holds the promise of accelerating research in precision medicine and the search for cures in other areas of biomedical research.

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A new study has revealed a significant link between a common pregnancy complication and early heart disease in women.

Researchers found that women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) were at higher risk of developing coronary artery disease at an earlier age. In addition, they found that women with these disorders were at higher risk of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) — heart attacks that occur when the coronary arteries appear normal. 

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) — such as gestational hypertension, chronic hypertension and preeclampsia — affect 15% of women during their reproductive years. Marked by high blood pressure, the effects of these disorders continue to impact the health of mothers and babies well after pregnancy.

Compared to women with a history of normotensive (normal blood pressure) pregnancies, women in this study with a history of HDP were at greater risk for:

• Early onset of coronary artery disease: Occurring on average seven years earlier among women with a history of HDP.
• More severe atherosclerotic coronary artery disease: Twice as likely among women with a history of HDP.
• Increased risk of MINOCA: Twice as likely among women with a history of HDP.

"This research highlights the need for earlier screening for heart disease among women with a history of high blood pressure in pregnancy, particularly for MINOCA, which is up to five times more common in women than in men," says Vesna Garovic, M.D., Ph.D., a Mayo Clinic nephrologist and senior author of the study.

To improve patient care and outcomes for women, the researchers say clinicians should not only screen for traditional coronary artery disease risk factors, but they should also screen for non-traditional risk factors associated with MINOCA and other non-obstructive types of coronary artery disease, such as stress, autoimmune diseases — and now, HDP.

How does high blood pressure in pregnancy lead to coronary artery disease?

According to the researchers, there are two related types of small vessel heart disease that may make it more likely for women to develop HDP and coronary artery disease:

1. Microvascular dysfunction: Women with a history of HDP often have this underlying problem, which occurs when the small blood vessels that feed the heart stop working as they should, decreasing blood flow to the heart.
2. Endothelial dysfunction: This is a problem common to both HDP and coronary artery disease. It occurs when the cells that line the inside of blood vessels malfunction, narrowing instead of dilating.

Together, these dysfunctions clog or narrow the arteries and small blood vessels that supply blood to the heart, which can lead to coronary artery disease without any physical blockage (non-obstructive). The researchers think it's possible that these processes may feed on one another, creating an environment where coronary artery disease is more likely to occur.

Further research, including large prospective studies, are needed to understand the mechanisms linking HDP to coronary artery disease, such as specific biomarkers and genetic factors that contribute to increased risk.

Read the paper to learn more about the study, including funding and disclosures.

A growing body of research on high blood pressure in pregnancy

Research led by Dr. Garovic, a Mayo Clinic nephrologist, has shown links between HDP and a greater risk for a wide range of health concerns including:

• Atherosclerosis and stroke
• Renal disease
• Brain cell damage and inflammation
• Accelerated aging and the markers of cellular senescence
• Early-onset hypertension in children

The overall goal of Dr. Garovic's research is to increase understanding of the causes and mechanisms that play a role in the process that leads to HDP. The potential to identify targeted therapies that address the underlying causes of disease may improve treatment options for diseases, such as preeclampsia, that have seen few therapeutic advances in recent decades.

Related:
Mothers with history of pre-eclampsia may encounter cardiovascular challenges later in life

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Growing mini-organs to find new treatments for complex disease

Mayo Clinic investigators are growing three-dimensional human intestines in a dish to track disease and find new cures for complex conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease. These mini-organs function like human intestines, with the ability to process metabolites that convert food into energy on a cellular level and secrete mucus that protects against bacteria. These 3D mini-intestines in a dish, known as "organoids," provide a unique platform for studying the intricacies of the human gut.

"We think this has the potential to revolutionize the way we approach disease research. We hope to save time and resources and avoid the development of therapies that fail upon translation into patients," says Charles Howe, Ph.D., who leads the Translational Neuroimmunology Lab. "Understanding which treatments show potential for success in human organoids could dramatically accelerate the rate of new therapies for patients with unmet needs."

Brain stimulation shows promise in treating drug addiction

Physicians use neurostimulation to treat a variety of human disorders, including Parkinson's disease, tremor, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette syndrome. A Mayo Clinic neurosurgeon and his colleagues believe one form of that treatment, called deep brain stimulation (DBS), is poised to solve one of the most significant public health challenges: drug addiction.

"Drug addiction is a huge, unmet medical need," says Kendall Lee, M.D., Ph.D., who has published nearly 100 journal articles on DBS along with his colleagues. Key to treating it, he says, is cutting off the pleasurable "high" that comes with the addiction — which DBS potentially can do.

A new class of AI aims to improve cancer research and treatments

Mayo Clinic researchers have invented a new class of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms called hypothesis-driven AI, which is a significant departure from traditional AI models that learn solely from data. The researchers note that this emerging class of AI offers an innovative way to use massive datasets to help discover the complex causes of diseases, such as cancer, and improve treatment strategies.

"This fosters a new era in designing targeted and informed AI algorithms to solve scientific questions, better understand diseases and guide individualized medicine," says co-inventor Hu Li, Ph.D., a Mayo Clinic systems biology and AI researcher. "It has the potential to uncover insights missed by conventional AI."

What's lurking in your body? Mayo probes health risks of tiny plastic particles

Similar to natural elements like iron and copper, people can ingest, absorb, or even inhale microplastics and nanoplastics and their chemical additives. A landmark study published in the New England Journal of Medicine links microplastics and nanoplastics found in plaques of human blood vessels to a potential increased risk of heart attack, stroke or death.

"Plastics have made our lives more convenient and spurred many medical advances, but we must understand their impact on human health for the years to come," says Konstantinos Lazaridis, M.D., the Carlson and Nelson Endowed Executive Director for Mayo Clinic's Center for Individualized Medicine.

Mayo Clinic researchers' new tool links Alzheimer's disease types to rate of cognitive decline

Mayo Clinic researchers have discovered a series of brain changes characterized by unique clinical features and immune cell behaviors using a new corticolimbic index tool for Alzheimer's disease, a leading cause of dementia. The tool categorizes Alzheimer's disease cases into three subtypes according to the location of brain changes and continues the team's prior work, demonstrating how these changes affect people differently. Uncovering the microscopic pathology of the disease can help researchers pinpoint biomarkers that may affect future treatments and patient care.

"Our team found striking demographic and clinical differences among sex, age at symptomatic onset and rate of cognitive decline," says Melissa Murray, Ph.D., a translational neuropathologist at Mayo Clinic.

Mayo scientists explore swabs for early endometrial, ovarian cancer detection

Early detection improves treatment outcomes for endometrial and ovarian cancers, yet far too often, women are diagnosed when in advanced stages of these diseases. Unlike many other cancers, there are no standard screenings for early detection of endometrial and ovarian cancers. Mayo Clinic researchers have uncovered specific microbial signatures linked to endometrial and ovarian cancers, and they are working toward developing innovative home swab tests for women to assess their susceptibility.

"This research not only brings us closer to understanding the microbial dynamics in cancer, but also holds the potential to transform early detection and treatment strategies to positively impact women's health globally," says Marina Walther-Antonio, Ph.D., an assistant professor of surgery leading this research.

Reversing racism's toll on heart health

People who experience chronic exposure to racism may be affected by factors such as intergenerational trauma, reduced access to healthcare, differential treatment in healthcare settings and psychological distress. These negatively affect heart health and can have a cumulative effect throughout a person's life. Researchers from Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota published a paper which provides a new framework describing how racism affects heart health among people of color in Minnesota. The researchers are focused on reversing these disparities.

"This framework will help scientists explore and measure how chronic exposure to racism, not race, influences health outcomes," says Sean Phelan, Ph.D., a Mayo Clinic health services researcher. "This will help enable researchers to design interventions that address the root causes of these disparities and improve heart health for people of color everywhere."

Teamwork and research play a key role in Mayo Clinic's first larynx transplant

A team of six surgeons and 20 support staff combined expertise from the Department of Otolaryngology and the Department of Transplantation in an extraordinary 21-hour operation at Mayo Clinic. The team transplanted a donor larynx to a 59-year-old patient with cancer whose damaged larynx hampered his ability to talk, swallow and breathe. This groundbreaking surgery was only the third larynx transplant in the U.S., and the world's first known successful total larynx transplant performed in a patient with an active cancer as part of a clinical trial.

"All transplants are complex, but there are more tissue types and moving parts with laryngeal transplantation than other transplants," says David Lott, M.D., lead surgeon. "Mayo Clinic's team science approach made it possible for us to offer this type of transplant on a scale that was previously unattainable."

Space: A new frontier for exploring stem cell therapy

Two Mayo Clinic researchers say that stem cells grown in microgravity aboard the International Space Station have unique qualities that could one day help accelerate new biotherapies and heal complex disease. The research analysis by Abba Zubair, M.D., Ph.D., a laboratory medicine expert and medical director for the Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics at Mayo Clinic in Florida, and Fay Abdul Ghani, Mayo Clinic research technologist, finds microgravity can strengthen the regenerative potential of cells. 

"Studying stem cells in space has uncovered cell mechanisms that would otherwise be undetected or unknown within the presence of normal gravity," says Dr. Zubair. "That discovery indicates a broader scientific value to this research, including potential clinical applications."

Mayo Clinic’s largest-ever exome study offers blueprint for biomedical breakthroughs

Mayo Clinic's Center for Individualized Medicine has achieved a significant milestone with its Tapestry study. It generated Mayo's largest-ever collection of exome data, which includes genes that code for proteins—key to understanding health and disease.  

Researchers analyzed DNA from over 100,000 participants of diverse backgrounds, providing important insights into certain genetic predispositions to support personalized and proactive medical guidance.  "The implications of the Tapestry study are monumental," says Konstantinos Lazaridis, M.D., the Carlson and Nelson Endowed Executive Director for the Center for Individualized Medicine. "As this study continues to inform and transform the practice of personalized medicine, it also sets a new standard for how large-scale medical research can be conducted in an increasingly digital and decentralized world."   

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About Mayo Clinic
Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization committed to innovation in clinical practice, education and research, and providing compassion, expertise and answers to everyone who needs healing. Visit the Mayo Clinic News Network for additional Mayo Clinic news. 

Media contact:

• Colette Gallagher, Mayo Clinic Communications, newsbureau@mayo.edu

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Nooren's graduate training included classes about cancer, but Dr. Razidlo suggested Nooren look into an additional opportunity: a course specifically about pancreatic cancer where she could meet others in the field. Nooren applied and was accepted to attend a week-long intensive pancreatic cancer course at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York — a prestigious program that brings together about 30 nationally and internationally known researchers. "I was excited about the idea of the course — and also nervous," she says. "It was an opportunity to meet many scientists whose journal articles I had been reading."  

But first, she had to figure out how to attain funding to attend the course. The answer was a special — and until now, anonymous — award earmarked for Mayo’s Ph.D. students.     

Since 1999, graduate students who are eligible to take a specialized course outside Mayo have been able to apply to the graduate school for a competitive travel grant to pay their tuition and expenses. The award was financed by an anonymous benefactor, and nearly 100 students over the years have taken advantage of the opportunity.  Students have gone to courses at sites like Woods Hole, Massachusetts, or Jackson Laboratories in Maine, to learn new microscopy techniques or new approaches in genetics. After they return, students send a thank you note for the funding. The donor has been happy to receive a summary from students about what they learned, but otherwise has remained in the shadows.  

This year, the source of the funding came to light: two Mayo educators who initiated the grant decades ago. At her family's request, the newly named Lily Weinshilboum Travel Award for Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, honors the memory of the trained anatomist and biomedical researcher who taught at Mayo Clinic for 25 years. Lily Weinshilboum died in 2023 at the age of 86, but the grant she first imagined is continuing to contribute to the success of Mayo's Ph.D. students. 

The importance of daring and determination 

In the naming of the grant, Lily Weinshilboum's family hopes students will learn about her dedication to biomedical education and her enterprising spirit, says her husband and co-benefactor, Mayo Clinic internist Richard Weinshilboum, M.D., the Mary Lou and John H. Dasburg Professor of Cancer Genomics Research.  

As a young woman, Lily Weinshilboum traveled independently to the United States from Taiwan in 1954, determined to advance her interest in science. A scholarship enabled her to attend Ottawa University in Kansas. She went on to train as a neuroanatomist at the University of Kansas in Lawrence and was a teaching assistant in graduate school when she met her husband, who was then a medical student. After completing her master's degree, she worked with a research group in Boston and later in a lab at the National Institutes of Health as Dr. Weinshilboum completed his training. The Weinshilboums came to Mayo Clinic in Rochester in 1972 for the next stage of their careers. Lily Weinshilboum's outgoing and nurturing personality made her a dynamic anatomy instructor in the medical school, where she connected with students as they embarked on their training and began to recognize the importance of their roles in patients' lives.  

Daring and determination were themes in her life. Once she had retired, she came up with the idea for a fund to help graduate students take an extra step on their career paths. "She wanted to help graduate students gain perspective, learn new topics and begin to create networks with researchers by attending meetings that stretched beyond what was readily available at Mayo," says Dr. Weinshilboum, who serves as a Ph.D. mentor and dissertation advisor for graduate students. "We viewed the travel grants as one way we could help." 

Former graduate students — now established researchers and educators — attest to the lifelong impact of those experiences. Regenerative science researcher and dermatologist Saranya Wyles, M.D., Ph.D., received travel funding in 2014 during her training in Mayo's Medical Scientist Training Program. The money allowed her to attend a meeting in the United Kingdom focused on genetic engineering of stem cells. "Attending this event as a graduate student was a defining moment in my journey in regenerative medicine research," she says. "It reinforced my commitment to this field and paved the way for my current role as a research laboratory leader. Now I have the privilege of training Ph.D. and M.D.-Ph.D. students, and I encourage them to seek out similar opportunities and apply for the grant as well." 

Gaining confidence and building a network 

For Nooren, the meeting earlier this year at Cold Spring Harbor already has been a game-changer. The week of lectures gave her ideas that she brought back to her research in Dr. Razidlo's lab, including a new approach in microscopy that will expand her work. She gained confidence as she gave a presentation of her own research findings and joined scientific conversations with seasoned scientists. "It made me braver, just feeling that my questions were valid and that I could bring my expertise," she says. "Even in graduate seminars now, I'm more confident, and when we discuss works in progress, I'm more likely to raise my hand and say, 'Hey, have you tried this?'" 

Nooren also met like-minded colleagues as she learned about other pancreatic cancer labs around the country and met potential future collaborators. She hopes other students will apply for the grant to attend a course that expands their own research interests. "It's such an opportunity to connect, even though you're a student and you're at the first stages of becoming a scientist," she says. "You're learning and interacting with everyone, and you're all putting your heads together to try to solve the problems in the field. It was an amazing experience." 

That's exactly what Mrs. Weinshilboum intended in establishing the award, says Dr. Weinshilboum.  

"She read students' summary notes with great interest and a great sense of pride in having been able to help make these experiences possible," he says. "She was focused on training the next generation and encouraging them to do bold things."

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On Oct. 14, researchers, community partners and volunteers gathered to celebrate one of Mayo Clinic's longest community-academic partnerships. Rochester Healthy Community Partnership (RHCP) — a research collaboration focused on responding to community-identified health needs affecting immigrants to the U.S. — had just turned 20.

The event featured speakers from Mayo Clinic and the community who shared the story of RHCP’s beginning, its enduring connections to the community, its tremendous influence and its ongoing work.

"Being part of this group has been a blessing," says Yahye Ahmed, a longtime member of RHCP. "It has given me the opportunity to work and serve my community unconditionally."

A community case study published in Frontiers in Public Health described the history of RHCP and the lessons they’ve learned along the way. It also outlined how RHCP has championed and refined the principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR), leading to RHCP’s work being nationally recognized as a model for this type of research. At the 2024 Translational Science meeting, Mark Wieland, M.D., RHCP co-principal investigator, accepted an award on behalf of the partnership honoring it for "Addressing Health Equity Through Partnership and Innovation."  

"This award is a testament to the long-term success of RHCP as a nationally recognized research partnership that leverages the expertise of community and academic partners to create meaningful health equity impact, locally and across the country," says Dr. Wieland.

A timeline shared at RCHP's 20^th Anniversary event highlighted the body of research the partnership has produced, from Let’s Talk About TB (2004-2011) to Healthy Immigrant Families (2010-2018) to a Pandemic Communications Toolkit (launched in 2022 and ongoing). 

Research conducted by RHCP has resulted in the development of:

• An effective, sustainable, community-based tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control program.
• A childhood obesity prevention program for youth in an after-school program.
• Community-informed health care practices, such as digital storytelling for chronic disease prevention.
• Interventions designed to reduce cardiovascular risk and COVID-19 health disparities.

"It's impossible to adequately acknowledge all the thousands of people who have contributed to the success of RHCP," says Irene Sia, M.D., founder and co-principal investigator. "Thank you for 20 years of sharing your talents, your cultures, your knowledge, your time and your support."

Dr. Wieland is director of the Community-Engaged Research Program in Mayo Clinic's Center for Clinical and Translational Science. Dr. Sia is a physician in Mayo Clinic's Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine. 

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